Educational Outreach - Citations | New Roots Institute

Marketing Old MacDonald:
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CAFOs: “Animal Feeding Operations” USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service Web.
All photos public domain from Wikimedia Commons
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A Brief History of Poultry
Technology Innovation
The Chicken of Tomorrow:
Jeannie Hudkins. “Eat Like You Give a Damn: for the animals, for your health, for the planet” 2013, Mill City Press, Minneapolis, pp. 4-5

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9 billion animals: ”Farm Animal Statistics: Slaughter Totals." Humane Society of the United States. 2016. Web.
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99% of all animal products: “New poll shows majority uncomfortable with animal farming despite eating turkeys for Thanksgiving”, Sentience Institute. November 2017. Web.
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Chickens produce 300 eggs/year, that’s 3x natural amount: “History of Egg Production.” American Egg Board. Incredible Edible Egg. 2007. Web.
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Photo: Animal Place

Debeaking: “Animal Husbandry Guidelines for U.S. Egg-Laying Flocks” United Egg Producers 2017, p. 9 Web.
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Video (debeaking): Undercover investigation by Mercy for Animals

67 square inches FF statistic:
“Animal Husbandry Guidelines for U.S. Egg-Laying Flocks”, United Egg Producers, 2017, p. 19 Web.
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Photo 1: Wikimedia Commons
Photo 2: Compassion Over Killing

Chickens live for 6-8 years & slaughtered at 1-2 years old FF statistic:
Berry, Joe. “Often Asked Questions about Poultry and Eggs.” Oklahoma State University Cooperative Extension Service, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Web.
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% of eggs from caged hens statistic:
United Egg Producers, “Animal Husbandry Guidelines for U.S. Egg-Laying Flocks” 2017 Web.
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Photo: Animal Place

250 million male layers discarded each year:
“No More Culls? Male Layer Chicks Might Soon Be Spared Death Sentence” The Poultry Site. 2017, Web
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Photo: Humane League Labs.

Broilers grow so rapidly:
Martin, D. “Researcher Studying Growth-Induced Diseases in Broilers.” Feedstuffs. 1997. Print.

Average weight increase, drop in time to market, daily feed requirements:
William, Boyd. “Making Meat: Science, Technology, and American Poultry Production,” Technology and Culture. 2001. (cited from Foer 106).

Daily growth rate increase: Knowles, T.G. “Leg Disorders in Broiler Chickens: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Prevention.” PLoS ONE. 2008. (cited from Foer 48).
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Broiler chickens severely crippled:
Kestin, S.C. “Prevalence of leg weakness in broiler chickens and its relationship with genotype.” Veterinary Record. 29 Aug. 1992: p.131, pp. 190-194. Print.

90% broiler chickens can’t walk normally:
Kestin, S.C. “Prevalence of leg weakness in broiler chickens and its relationship with genotype.” Veterinary Record. 29 Aug. 1992: p.131, pp.190-194. Print.
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Workers crate 105 chickens in 3.5 min:
“Blood, Sweat, and Fear: Workers’ Rights in US Meat and Poultry Plants.” New York: Human Rights Watch. 2004. (cited from Foer 104).

30% birds arriving with freshly broken bones:
T.G. Knowles. “Handling and Transport of Spent Hens,” World’s Poultry Science Journal. 1994. pp.. 60-61 (cited from Foer 132).
Photo: Wikimedia Commons.

“Humane Methods of Livestock Slaughter.“ USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service. Web.
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Photo: Wikimedia Commons.

Slaughter (chickens):
“A Critical Review of Electrical Water-Bath Stun Systems for Poultry Slaughter and Recent Developments in Alternative Technologies”, Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy Animal Studies Repository, 2010. Web.
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“The Need for Legislation and Elimination of Electrical Immobilization”. United Poultry Concerns.
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Cage free: “Cage-Free vs. Battery-Cage Eggs.” The Humane Society of the United States.
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Free range:
“Fact Sheet: Meat and Poultry Labeling Terms.” USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service. Apr. 2011. Web.
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Photo: Animal Legal Defense Fund.

Organic Label:
“Labeling Organic Products.” Agricultural Marketing Service. USDA. Web.
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Photo: USDA

Artificial insemination:
Webb, D.W. “Artificial Insemination of Dairy Cattle.” University of Florida Electronic Data Information.Reviewed June 2003. Web.
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Video:
Clip from the Documentary Adieu veau, vache, cochon, couvee by Beatrice Limare.
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Calves separated from their mothers soon after birth:
“Early separation of cow and calf has long-term effects on social behavior”. Science Daily. April 2015. Web.
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Cows milked 3 times per day to 10-12 months: “Is three-times-a-day milking for you?”. Michigan State University Extension. June 2011. Web.
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Photo: Gunnar Richter Namenlos.net via Wikimedia Commons

Gestation Crate: “Crammed into Gestation Crates.” Humane Society of the United States. 2014. Web.
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Farrowing Crate:
Philpot, Tom. “You won’t believe what pork producers do to pregnant pigs.” Mother Jones. July/August 2013 article. Web.
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Sows showing signs of insanity: Blackwell, “Production Practices and Well-Being: Swine.” (Cited from Foer Pgs. 183-187).

Piglet tails and testicles removed without anesthetic: “The Use of Drugs in Food Animals: Benefits and Risks,” National Academy of Science. 1999. (Cited from Foer 168).

Castrated meat: “Castration of pigs”, Virginia Cooperative Extension Newsletter Archive, Livestock Update, January 2008
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Common Farming Practice Exemption: “Beyond the Law: Agribusiness and the Systemic Abuse of Animals” Lewis and Clark Animal Law Review, 1996. https://www.animallaw.info/article/beyond-law-agribusiness-and-systemic-abuse-animals

Ag-gag laws: “Ag-gag Laws Keep Animal Cruelty Behind Closed Doors”. The Humane Society of the United States. Web.
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Fish stocks fully fished or overfished: “Future of world fish production depends on urgent action to combat falling fish stocks” Oceana,July 2016, Web.
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Video: Ocean Defender- Hawaii
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Bycatch: “Bycatch Threats” World Wildlife Foundation. Web.
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“Reducing Bycatch in Shrimp Trawlers: Could efforts in North Carolina Provide a Solution?” The Fish Site April 2016. Web.
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Aquaculture:
“Effects of Aquaculture or Fish Farming on Ocean Health”. The Seafood Watch Program of the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Web.
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Slavery:
“Thailand: Forced Labor, Trafficking Persist in Fishing Fleets”, Human Rights Watch January 2018. Web.
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80% of antibiotics are used on animals:
Johns Hopkins, Center for a Liveable Future, “Food Production and Public Health”, 2012
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Swine-flu:
“Swine-flu outbreak could be linked to Smithfield factory farms”, Grist, April 26 2009. Web.
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MRSA kills more Americans a year than AIDS:
University of Chicago Medicine MRSA Research Center. Web.
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People living near factory farms nearly 3x more likely to be MRSA carriers: “Residential proximity to large numbers of swine in feeding operations is associated with increased risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization at time of hospital admission in rural Iowa veterans.” Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, February 2014. Web.
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45% of workers on pig factory farms tested positive for MRSA: “Swine Farming is a Risk Factor for Infection With and High Prevalence of Carriage of Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus” Clin Infect Dis. July 1 2015. Web.
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Infected Meat:
“Superbugs Invade America’s Supermarket Meat”, Environmental Working Group, April 15 2013. Web.
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Leading Causes of Death:
“Leading Causes of Death”, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web.
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Heart Disease Vegetarians have a 32% lower risk of death from heart disease: “Vegetarianism can reduce risk of heart disease by up to a third”, University of Oxford, January 30 2013
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Diabetes: “Going vegan could prevent type 2 diabetes”
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IARC Carcinogenic Classification Groups
UK Cancer Research
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People with diets rich in animal products were 4x more likely to die of cancer: “Low protein intake is associated with a major reduction in IGF-1,cancer, and overall mortality in the 65 and younger but not older population”, Cell Metab. , March 4 2014. Web.
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Consistent positive association between meat consumption and obesity: “Diets High in Meat Consumption Associated with Obesity”, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, September 3 2009. Web.
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Eating 50g of processed meat a day increases the chance of developing colorectal cancer by 18%:
“World Health Organization Says Processed Meat Causes Cancer”, American Cancer Society, October 26 2015. Web.
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Doctors catching on: “Nutritional Update for Physicians: Plant-Based Diets”, Perm.J, 2013 Spring. Web.
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Incomplete protein myth:
Diet for a Small Planet, by Frances Moore Lappe
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Sodium Plumping:
Center for Science in the Public Interest
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Countries affected by lactose intolerance: “Lactose intolerance”, Genetics Home Reference, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Web.
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Dairy and Acne: ‘Growing evidence suggests possible link between diet and acne’ American Academy of Dermatology. February 8 2013
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One of the most destructive industries:
“The Triple Whopper Environmental Impact of Global Meat Production” Time. December 2013. Web.
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Animal Feed:
“Animal Feed” Sustainable Table, GRACE Communications Foundation. Web.
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Animals: a really inefficient source of food Feeding the world:
“Redefining agricultural yields: from tonnes to people nourished per hectare”. IOPscience, August 2013. Web.
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Deforestation:
“The role of pasture and soybean in deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon”. IOPscience, April 2010. Web.
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Percentage of mammals on Earth:
Carrington, Damian. “Humans just 0.01% of all life but have destroyed 83%of wild mammals” study The Guardian, May 2018. Web.
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Grass-fed? Think again:
“Grazed and confused? New report gives the lay of the land on grazing livestock’s climate impact”. The Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food. October 2017.
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Most GMO crops in the US are fed to animals on factory farms:
Van Eenennaam, Alison L., and Amy E. Young. " Feeding GMO Crops to Livestock - Beef Research New - Beef Issues Quarterly.’ Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, Mar. 2016. Web.
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"Recent Trends in GE Adoption." USDA ERS. N.p., 3 Nov. 2016. Web. 11 Apr. 2017.
"Contribution of GM Technology to the Livestock Sector." ISAAA. N.p., Aug. 2016. Web. 11 Apr. 2017.

Meat production accounts for over ⅓ of all pesticide use:
Steinfeld, Henning, Pierre Gerber, Tom Wassenaar, Vincent Castel, Mauricio Rosales, and Cees De Haan. Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options. Publication. Rome: FAO, 2006. Print.

Pesticides are toxic:
Neonicitinoid colony collapse disorder: Dwyer, Marge. "Study Strengthens Link between Neonicotinoids and Collapse of Honey Bee Colonies." Harvard School of Public Health. N.p., 9 May 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2017.
Neonic use on crops fed to livestock: LaJeunesse, Sara. "Rapid Increase in Neonicotinoid Insecticides Driven by Seed Treatments." Penn State University. Penn State University, 2 Apr. 2015. Web. 12 Apr. 2017.
Pesticide poisoning in workers: Dearen, Jason. "Why U.S. Farmworkers Keep Getting Poisoned by Pesticides." St. Louis Post Dispatch. N.p., 3 Feb. 2016. Web. 12 Apr. 2017.

Skipping one gallon of milk equal to skipping one month’s worth of showers:
Alex Park and Julia Lurie, “It takes HOW much water to make Greek yogurt??”, Mother Jones March 2014
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Milk vs. ‘Milk” Environmental impacts of different types of milk, per liter:
Julia Moskin et al. “Your Questions About Food and Climate Change, Answered” The New York Times, April 2019. Web.
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Farm animals in the US produce 100x as much waste as the entire US human population:
Gerba, C. P., & Smith, J. E. (2004). Sources of pathogenic microorganisms and their fate during land application of wastes. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34(1), 42-48. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
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Drone Video:
Citizen Drone Project. www.factoryfarmdrones.com Liquified waste is sprayed onto surrounding land:
Manure spraying: "Understanding Manure Irrigation." University of Wisconsin - Extension. N.p., 14 Apr. 2016. Web. 13 Apr. 2017.

Exempt from the Clean Air Act:
“Livestock emissions still up in the air” Chemical and Engineering News, April 2, 2018
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Leading cause of water pollution in the U.S.:
“Unified National Strategy for Animal Feeding Operations”, U.S. Department of Agriculture & U.S. Environmental Agency, March 9, 1999
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Eutrophication:
“About Eutrophication” World Resources Institute
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Gulf of Mexico dead zone is the largest ever recorded:
“Gulf of Mexico ‘dead zone’ is the largest ever measured”, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, August 2, 2017
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Meat production makes more greenhouse gases than all the planes, trains, and cars in the world combined:
"Livestock a Major Threat to Environment." Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. N.p., 29 Nov. 2006. Web. 11 Apr. 2017.

Ruminant animals produce methane:
"Monitoring Methane Emissions from Agriculture and Dairy Farming." Environmental Technology. N.p., 2017. Web. 13 Apr. 2017.

More potent than CO2:
"Overview of Greenhouse Gases." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 14 Feb. 2017. Web. 13 Apr. 2017.

Animal waste releases nitrous oxide:
Costa, J. R., C. Li, C. E. Cerri, and C. C. Cerri. "Measuring and Modeling Nitrous Oxide and Methane Emissions from Beef Cattle Feedlot Manure Management: First Assessments under Brazilian Condition." Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part. B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2017.

More potent than CO2:
"Understanding Global Warming Potentials" EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 14 Feb. 2017. Web. 13 Apr. 2017.
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The top 5 meat and dairy companies combined:
“Emissions impossible: How big meat and dairy are heating up the planet”, GRAIN and the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP), June 28 2018. Web.
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The top 20 meat and dairy companies combined:
Shefali Sharma, “Big Meat and Dairy are Heating Up our Planet” Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, July 2018
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Substituting beans for beef:
Harwatt H. et al, “Substituting beans for beef as a contribution toward US climate targets” Climatic Change, 2017
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If everyone in the US ate no meat or cheese just one day per week, it would be like not driving 91 billion miles, or taking 7.6 million cars off the road:
"Reducing Your Footprint." Reducing Your Footprint - 2011 Meat Eaters Guide | Meat Eater's Guide to Climate Change + Health | Environmental Working Group. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2017.

Global warming, Food insecurity:
“Feeding 9 Billion” National Geographic, May 2014
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